Violence

=WHAT IS VIOLENCE? = A set of behaviors that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviors (the injuries themselves)

The World Health Organization defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm,maldevelopment or deprivation" The U.S. Public health Service categorizes violence resulting in injuries into either intentional or unintentional. **Intentional injuries**: those committed with intent to harm **Unintentional injuries:** without intent to harm

= FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO VIOLENCE: = 1) **Poverty:** can create an environment of hopelessness in which some people view violence as the only way of getting what they want. 2) **Unemployment:** Financial strain, or fear of losing a job can increase rates of violence. 3) **Parental Influence:** Children raised in violent environments are likely to develop the same habits 4) **Cultural beliefs:** Cultures that objectify women and empower men to be tough and aggressive show higher rates of violence 5) **Discrimination or oppression:** violence against others is more likely when one group is oppressed or perceives that its members are oppressed by those of another group 6) **Stress** 7) **Heavy use of alcohol and other substances**

= WHAT MAKES SOME PEOPLE VIOLENT? =
 * **ANGER**: anger is a spontaneous, usually temporary, biological feeling or emotional state of displeasure that occurs most frequently during times of personal frustration. Those who anger quickly have a low tolerance for frustration.
 * //Primary aggression//: goal directed, hostile self-assertion that is destructive in nature
 * //Reactive aggression:// more often part of an emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences
 * **SUBSTANCE ABUSE**



=**BULLYING:**= Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Both kids who are bullied and who bully others may have serious lasting problems.
 * Bullying can be anywhere the bully can access the person and will bully them at work, school, and in most occasions online.


 * Four basic types of bullying:**
 * 1) emotional
 * 2) verbal
 * 3) physical
 * 4) cyber (most common)

=Signs of Bullying:= = =
 * ==== Unexplainable physical marks, cuts, bruises and scrapes ====
 * ==== Loss of toys, books, school supplies, clothing, money, etc. ====
 * ==== "losing" their possessions ====
 * ==== Doesn't want to go to school or other activities ====
 * ==== Afraid of the school bus ====
 * ==== Afraid of being alone: wants you to dismissal, suddenly clingy ====
 * ==== Sudden loss of friends or avoidance of social situations ====
 * ==== Blames self for problems; feels "not good enough" ====
 * ==== Self-destructive behaviors such as running away from home, harming themselves, or talking about suicide ====


 * What to do if someone is being bullied:**
 * 1) tell the high authority (teacher/princible)
 * 2) tell your parents
 * 3) walk away from the situation[[image:how-to-stop-a-bully.jpg width="257" height="198"]]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hy-wXUeoJ0w =** //WHO// is at risk for becoming a victim of bullying? **= Anyone can be bullied by how they look and how they dress. The most common reason for being bullied is for being gay. Gay, Lesbian, bisexual, or transgender people are 2 to 3 times higher to be bullied then heterosexual teens.
 * a short anti -bullying clip:**

Cyber Bullying
This is one of the most popular types of bullying going on today. Cyber bullying can be described as any form of bullying that incorporates the use of technology. Cyber bullying is rampant on social networking sites such as facebook, twitter, instagram, myspace, youtube, and more. Bullying through text is also considered cyber bullying.

=**Video clip**= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxS5siu60y0
 * **signs of cyber bullying include:**
 * threats online or through texting
 * harsh and mean comments online
 * harassment online

=ROAD RAGE= Road rage is a type of intermittent explosive disorder (IED affects over 16 million Americans) which are episodes that happen while a person is driving and that is believed to be a leading cause of highway deaths. Unfortunately we cannot predict the behavior of others, but there are several steps you can take to avoid become a victim of road rage including:
 * avoiding eye contact and engagement
 * don't antagonize
 * if someone follows you after a nasty interaction, either in a car or on food, do not immediately drive home or walk into your workplace
 * take names
 * stay calm



=HATE & BIAS-MOTIVATED CRIMES= Hate crimes are those committed against a person, property, or group of people that is motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. According to FBI's most recent Hate Crime Statistics report, there were 9,691 reported victims of hate crimes in 2008. Over 61% of the persons who committed these crimes were white, 20% were black, and the remaining offenders' race was unknown.
 * **ethnoviolence:** also known as bias-related crime is a word that describes violence among ethnic groups in the larger society that is based on prejudice and discrimination
 * **prejudice**: the irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, group or race
 * **discrimination:** actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities to a group of people, often based on prejudice.
 * often prejudice and discrimination stem from a fear of change and a desire to blame others when forces such as the economy and crime seem to be out of control
 * 70% of all hate crimes are committed against a person or persons; the rest are crimes against property


 * REASONS EXPLAINING HATE CRIMES:**
 * trill seeking
 * feeling threatened
 * retaliating
 * fear of the unknown or differences

= Domestic Violence: = = =



=Domestic violence=
 * Domestic violence and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating.


 * Examples of abuse include: **
 * name-calling or putdowns
 * keeping a partner from contacting their family or friends
 * withholding money
 * stopping a partner from getting or keeping a job
 * actual or threatened physical harm
 * sexual assault
 * stalking
 * intimidation

Victims can be of any age, sex, race, culture, religion, education, employment or marital status. Although both men and women can be abused.
 * ANYONE CAN BE A VICTIMS **

=** Physical Abuse **= >
 * is an act of another party involving contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.

= Emotional Abuse =
 * Warning signs **
 * ==== Does your partner push, hit or choke you. ====
 * ==== Does your partner threaten to hurt you with a weapon. ====
 * also referred to as **emotional abuse** or **mental abuse**, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder.
 * Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, and abuse in the workplace.
 * Cycle of Violence **
 * ==Tension building phase: This is where tension builds over common domestic issues such as bills, children, or job. It is also in this phase that the verbal abuse will begin.==
 * ==Acute battering episode: This is when the tension has built to a peak and the physical violence has began. It is triggered by an external event or by the abusers emotional state.==
 * ==The honeymoon phase: This is when the abuser regrets his/her actions and blames themselves for the violence. The abuser will then try to tell the victim that "it will never happen again". The abuser may also get gifts in a way to show caring for the victim, however the violence is more than likely to occur repeatedly.==


 * Warning signs **
 * Does your partner continually criticize you, call you names.
 * Does your partner make all decisions for you.

Here are just some of the words that the abuser whould say to their victims.
[]

Financial Abuse

 * ==== Financial abuse can be very subtle, telling you what you can and cannot buy or requiring you to share control of your back accounts. At no point does someone you are dating have the right to use money or how you spend it to control you. ====
 * Warning signs **
 * Does your partner force you to work, or refuse to let you work.
 * Do you feel financially dependent on your partner.
 * Does your partner have full access to all of the bank accounts.

= Sexual Abuse = = Spiritual Abuse =
 * also referred to as **molestation**, is forcing undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. When that force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.
 * Warning signs **
 * Does your partner minimize the importance of your feelings about sex.
 * Does your partner force unwanted sex acts.


 * The hurt and harm of spiritual abuse is rarely inflicted upon people with the intention to wound anyone. Most spiritual abuse is inflicted by Christians who are very sincere, who believe they are obeying the Bible in sharing Christ with others, and who often believe that they are being led by the Holy Spirit.
 * Warning signs **
 * Does your partner not allow you to practice your morals/religious beliefs or culture/values.
 * Do you feel that you have given up things that are important you.

** Reasons for staying with Abuser **

 * ** Religious reasons if the couple is married **
 * ** Have no financial stability **
 * ** Children **
 * ** Social embaressment **
 * ** They victim still sees the goodness in the abuser **
 * ** The abuser may threaten suicide **

Refrences
 * http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/romance-redux/201303/why-do-people-stay-in-abusive-relationships
 * http://galleryhip.com/emotional-abuse-charts.html
 * http://www.domesticviolenceroundtable.org/domestic-violence-cycle.html
 * http://www.shockmansion.com/2012/03/07/please-share-this-post-and-help-shine-a-light-on-domestic-violence/



=** Terrorism - **=
 * ===== The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes =====
 * A notable example is the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the terrorist group Black Hand. This lead to the beginning of World War I
 * Other notable examples include the 9/11 attacks on America, The Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995, and the Unabomber attacks between 1978 and 1995
 * =Recently there have been many acts of terrorism for example Dallas, Texas, A man armed with a Rifle shot and killed police officers and wounded others.=

=__ Domestic Terrorism -Ryan Koutnik __= > // -Source: @http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/militant-extremists-united-states/p9236 // =__ Religious Terrorism __=
 * commonly involves acts of violence by citizens or permanent residents of a nation against its own general public or property within that nation with the intention of instilling fear in order to further of political, social, or ideological objectives.
 * Included are racist group like the KKK, and also anti-government groups.
 * [[image:orlando night club shooting.jpg]]
 * recent domestic terrorist acts have been seen in miami, and also a home grown terrorist couple.
 * [[image:couples car shot.jpg width="748" height="424"]]
 * above is a California shooting started by a man and his wife who first killed 14 people at his office party and then both died in a fierce gun battle with police.
 * http://www.kristv.com/story/30670365/fbi-california-shooting-investigated-as-act-of-terrorism
 * https://youtu.be/8uoX4K2kKMY
 * Under federal law , the term "terrorism" refers to any violent or dangerous crimes that "appear to be intended" to either (1) intimidate or coerce a civilian population, (2) influence government policy by intimidation or coercion, or (3) affect government conduct by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping.
 * https://youtu.be/1NNnIQO8Q4M
 * “The FBI has reported that roughly two-thirds of terrorism in the United States was conducted by non-Islamic American extremists from 1980-2001; and from 2002-2005, it went up to 95 percent.”
 * references: http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/opinions/pate-when-is-a-mass-shooting-terrorism/

Terrorism carried out based on motivations and goals that have a predominantly religious character or influence.


Islamic State [|IS Fighters] [|Hisbah enforcing Sharia law] [|What happens if you break Sharia law?] [|Children and foreigners]
 * Originally formed as "Al Qaeda in Iraq", and eventually expanded into "Islamic State of Iraq" during the Syrian civil war
 * Invades places that have a weak central government and infrastructure and establishes their own
 * Their goal is to establish a sovereign state ruled by hardline Sharia law, known as a caliphate
 * Many fighters with the IS devote every part of their lives to helping establish the caliphate
 * They have their own state police, known as the Hisbah, which enforces these strict laws
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Children and foreigners from all over the world travel to Syria to join forces with the IS
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Most Islamic communities are critical of the IS and do not consider them representative of Islam

=__ Bioterrorism __=


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">Terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. **


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">One example is the Anthrax scare of 2001
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Letters containing Anthrax spores were mailed to news media outlets and the offices of two democratic senators
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">17 infected, 5 others killed
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">FBI eventually determined that one person, Bruce Ivan, was responsible




 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">The Chicago Tylenol Murders were a string of incidents where someone replaced the acetaminophen in Tylenol capsules with cyanide
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Seven people in the Chicagoland area died from ingesting the laced Tylenol
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">No one was ever charged with the murders
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Led to nationwide anti-tampering packaging

__ Cyberterrorism __
==The use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses.==
 * The United States fears a cyber attack from China because they allegedly have the ability to wipe out our entire power grid
 * Hacker groups will sometimes attack companies or organizations that they have disagreements with, frequently leaking information or vandalizing websites

__ Nuclear Terrorism __

 * An offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or with the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment; or with the intent to compel a natural or legal person, an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act. **
 * Although there has not been a large scale nuclear terrorist event, there are always fears of such an even happening due to the potential for hundreds of thousands of deaths and the large scale damage
 * There are concerns not only regarding the theft of nuclear material, but also the nuclear scientists defecting to the side of the terrorist groups
 * If a nuclear state collapses, it is with great urgency that any nuclear materials are seized immediately

=__ Pathological Terrorism __= ====**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">The use of terrorism by individuals who utilize such strategies for the sheer joy of terrorizing others. Pathological terrorists often operate alone rather in groups like the others on this list and often are not true ‘terrorists’ as they lack any well-defined political motive. **====


 * Examples would be school shootings, and serial killers
 * Mental illness and personality disorders are almost always present in perpetrators

REFERENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying [] [] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Domestic_Terrorism.aspx

**__ INSTRUCTIONS __/** __**Violence**__
__**In this section your group can cover any issue of violence. I would like to see bullying, domestic violence and terrorism covered. Do not forget pictures!**__ __**The videos below are some examples you can use, you may find others. Please save the sitting at the table video.**__


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=SAVED/Zellner=

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 * SAVED /Zellner**

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= = `